ZigBee - Sheet Metal cabinet Manufacturer - Plastic injection moldings

Overview ZigBee is a low-cost, low-power, wirelessconstantly, since it is connected to the mains supply,
mesh networking proprietary standard. The low costwhile a battery-powered light switch would remain
allows the technology to be widely deployed inasleep until the switch is thrown. The switch then
wireless control and monitoring applications, the lowwakes up, sends a command to the lamp, receives an
power-usage allows longer life with smaller batteries,acknowledgment, and returns to sleep. In such a
and the mesh networking provides high reliability andnetwork the lamp node will be at least a ZigBee
larger range. The ZigBee Alliance, the standards bodyRouter, if not the ZigBee Coordinator; the switch node
that defines ZigBee, also publishes application profilesis typically a ZigBee End Device. In beacon-enabled
that allow multiple OEM vendors to createnetworks, the special network nodes called ZigBee
interoperable products. The current list of applicationRouters transmit periodic beacons to confirm their
profiles either published or in the works are: Homepresence to other network nodes. Nodes may sleep
Automation ZigBee Smart Energy Commercial Buildingbetween beacons, thus lowering their duty cycle and
Automation Telecommunication Applications Personal,extending their battery life. Beacon intervals may range
Home, and Hospital Care Toys The relationshipfrom 15.36 milliseconds to 15.36 ms * 214 = 251.65824
between IEEE 802.15.4 and ZigBee is similar to thatseconds at 250 kbit/s, from 24 milliseconds to 24 ms *
between IEEE 802.11 and the Wi-Fi Alliance. The214 = 393.216 seconds at 40 kbit/s and from 48
ZigBee 1.0 specification was ratified on 14 Decembermilliseconds to 48 ms * 214 = 786.432 seconds at 20
2004 and is available to members of the ZigBeekbit/s. However, low duty cycle operation with long
Alliance. Most recently, the ZigBee 2007 specificationbeacon intervals requires precise timing, which can
was posted on 30 October 2007. The first ZigBeeconflict with the need for low product cost. In general,
Application Profile, Home Automation, was announcedthe ZigBee protocols minimize the time the radio is on
2 November 2007. ZigBee operates in the industrial,so as to reduce power use. In beaconing networks,
scientific and medical (ISM) radio bands; 868 MHz innodes only need to be active while a beacon is being
Europe, 915 MHz in the USA and Australia, andtransmitted. In non-beacon-enabled networks, power
2.4 GHz in most jurisdictions worldwide. Theconsumption is decidedly asymmetrical: some devices
technology is intended to be simpler and lessare always active, while others spend most of their
expensive than other WPANs such as Bluetooth.time sleeping. ZigBee devices are required to conform
ZigBee chip vendors typically sell integrated radios andto the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 Low-Rate Wireless Personal
microcontrollers with between 60K and 128K flashArea Network (WPAN) standard. The standard
memory, such as the Jennic JN5148, the Freescalespecifies the lower protocol layershe physical layer
MC13213, the Ember EM250, the Texas Instruments(PHY), and the media access control (MAC) portion of
CC2430, the Samsung Electro-Mechanics ZBS240the data link layer (DLL). This standard specifies
and the Atmel ATmega128RFA1. Radios are alsooperation in the unlicensed 2.4 GHz (worldwide),
available stand-alone to be used with any processor or915 MHz (Americas) and 868 MHz (Europe) ISM
microcontroller. Generally, the chip vendors also offerbands. In the 2.4 GHz band there are 16 ZigBee
the ZigBee software stack, although independent oneschannels, with each channel requiring 5 MHz of
are also available. Because ZigBee can activate (gobandwidth. The center frequency for each channel
from sleep to active mode) in 15 msec or less, thecan be calculated as, FC = (2405 + 5 * (ch - 11)) MHz,
latency can be very low and devices can be verywhere ch = 11, 12, ..., 26. The radios use direct-sequence
responsive  particularly compared to Bluetoothspread spectrum coding, which is managed by the
wake-up delays, which are typically around threedigital stream into the modulator. BPSK is used in the
seconds. Because ZigBees can sleep most of the868 and 915 MHz bands, and OQPSK that transmits
time, average power consumption can be very low,two bits per symbol is used in the 2.4 GHz band. The
resulting in long battery life. The first stack release israw, over-the-air data rate is 250 kbit/s per channel in
now called ZigBee 2004. The second stack release isthe 2.4 GHz band, 40 kbit/s per channel in the
called ZigBee 2006, and mainly replaces the MSG915 MHz band, and 20 kbit/s in the 868 MHz band.
KVP structure used in 2004 with a "cluster library". TheTransmission range is between 10 and 75 meters (33
2004 stack is now more or less obsolete.[citationand 246 feet) and up to 1500 meters for zigbee pro,
needed] ZigBee 2007, now the current stack release,although it is heavily dependent on the particular
contains two stack profiles, stack profile 1 (simplyenvironment. The maximum output power of the
called ZigBee), for home and light commercial use, andradios is generally 0 dBm (1 mW). The basic channel
stack profile 2 (called ZigBee Pro). ZigBee Pro offersaccess mode is "carrier sense, multiple access/collision
more features, such as multi-casting, many-to-oneavoidance" (CSMA/CA). That is, the nodes talk in the
routing and high security with Symmetric-Key Keysame way that people converse; they briefly check to
Exchange (SKKE), while ZigBee (stack profile 1) offerssee that no one is talking before they start. There are
a smaller footprint in RAM and flash. Both offer fullthree notable exceptions to the use of CSMA.
mesh networking and work with all ZigBee applicationBeacons are sent on a fixed timing schedule, and do
profiles.[citation needed] ZigBee 2007 is fully backwardnot use CSMA. Message acknowledgments also do
compatible with ZigBee 2006 devices: A ZigBee 2007not use CSMA. Finally, devices in Beacon Oriented
device may join and operate on a ZigBee 2006networks that have low latency real-time requirements
network and vice versa. Due to differences in routingmay also use Guaranteed Time Slots (GTS), which by
options, ZigBee Pro devices must become non-routingdefinition do not use CSMA. ZigBee RF4CE On March
ZigBee End-Devices (ZEDs) on a ZigBee 2006 or3, 2009 the RF4CE (Radio Frequency for Consumer
ZigBee 2007 network, the same as ZigBee 2006 orElectronics) Consortium agreed to work with the
ZigBee 2007 devices must become ZEDs on aZigBee Alliance to jointly deliver a standardized
ZigBee Pro network. The applications running on thosespecification for radio frequency-based remote
devices work the same, regardless of the stack profilecontrols. ZigBee RF4CE is designed to be deployed in
beneath them. Licensing For non-commercial purposes,a wide range of remotely-controlled audio/visual
the ZigBee specification is available free to the generalconsumer electronics products, such as TVs and
public. An entry level membership in the ZigBeeset-top boxes. It promises many advantages over
Alliance, called Adopter, provides access to the as-yetexisting remote control solutions, including richer
unpublished specifications and permission to createcommunication and increased reliability, enhanced
products for market using the specifications. The clickfeatures and flexibility, interoperability, and no
through license on the ZigBee specification requires aline-of-sight barrier. Software and hardware The
commercial developer to join the ZigBee Alliance. "Nosoftware is designed to be easy to develop on small,
part of this specification may be used in developmentinexpensive microprocessors. The radio design used
of a product for sale without becoming a member ofby ZigBee has been carefully optimized for low cost in
ZigBee Alliance." The annual fee conflicts with thelarge scale production. It has few analog stages and
GNU General Public License. From the GPL v2, "b)uses digital circuits wherever possible. Even though the
You must cause any work that you distribute orradios themselves are inexpensive, the ZigBee
publish, that in whole or in part contains or is derivedQualification Process involves a full validation of the
from the Program or any part thereof, to be licensedrequirements of the physical layer. This amount of
as a whole at no charge to all third parties under theconcern about the Physical Layer has multiple benefits,
terms of this License." Since the GPL makes nosince all radios derived from that semiconductor mask
distinction between commercial and non-commercialset would enjoy the same RF characteristics. On the
use it is impossible to implement a GPL licensedother hand, an uncertified physical layer that
ZigBee stack or combine a ZigBee implementationmalfunctions could cripple the battery lifespan of other
with GPL licensed code. The requirement for thedevices on a ZigBee network. Where other protocols
developer to join the ZigBee Alliance similarly conflictscan mask poor sensitivity or other esoteric problems in
with most other Free software licenses. Uses ZigBeea fade compensation response, ZigBee radios have
protocols are intended for use in embeddedvery tight engineering constraints: they are both power
applications requiring low data rates and low powerand bandwidth constrained. Thus, radios are tested to
consumption. ZigBee's current focus is to define athe ISO 17025 standard with guidance given by Clause
general-purpose, inexpensive, self-organizing mesh6 of the 802.15.4-2006 Standard. Most vendors plan to
network that can be used for industrial control,integrate the radio and microcontroller onto a single
embedded sensing, medical data collection, smoke andchip. History ZigBee-style networks began to be
intruder warning, building automation, home automation,conceived about 1998, when many installers realized
etc. The resulting network will use very small amountsthat both WiFi and Bluetooth were going to be
of power  individual devices must have a battery lifeunsuitable for many applications. In particular, many
of at least two years to pass ZigBee certification.engineers saw a need for self-organizing ad-hoc digital
Typical application areas include Home Entertainmentradio networks. The IEEE 802.15.4 standard was
and Control  Smart lighting, advanced temperaturecompleted in May 2003.[citation needed] In the summer
control, safety and security, movies and music Homeof 2003, Philips Semiconductors, a major mesh
Awareness  Water sensors, power sensors, energynetwork supporter, ceased the investment. Philips
monitoring, smoke and fire detectors, smart appliancesLighting has, however, continued Philips' participation,
and access sensors Mobile Services  m-payment,and Philips remains a promoter member on the ZigBee
m-monitoring and control, m-security and accessAlliance Board of Directors.[citation needed] The
control, m-healthcare and tele-assist CommercialZigBee Alliance announced in October 2004 that the
Building  Energy monitoring, HVAC, lighting, accessmembership had more than doubled in the preceding
control Industrial Plant  Process control, assetyear and had grown to more than 100 member
management, environmental management, energycompanies, in 22 countries. By April 2005 membership
management, industrial device control Device typeshad grown to more than 150 companies, and by
There are three different types of ZigBee devices:December 2005 membership had passed 200
ZigBee coordinator (ZC): The most capable device, thecompanies.[citation needed] The ZigBee specifications
coordinator forms the root of the network tree andwere ratified on 14 December 2004.[citation needed]
might bridge to other networks. There is exactly oneThe ZigBee Alliance announces public availability of
ZigBee coordinator in each network since it is theSpecification 1.0 on 13 June 2005, known as ZigBee
device that started the network originally. It is able to2004 Specification. The ZigBee Alliance announces the
store information about the network, including acting ascompletion and immediate member availability of the
the Trust Centre & repository for security keys.enhanced version of the ZigBee Standard in
ZigBee Router (ZR): As well as running an applicationSeptember 2006, known as ZigBee 2006
function, a router can act as an intermediate router,Specification. During the last quarter of 2007, ZigBee
passing on data from other devices. ZigBee EndPRO, the enhanced ZigBee specification was
Device (ZED): Contains just enough functionality to talkfinalized.[citation needed] Origins of ZigBee name
to the parent node (either the coordinator or a router);Articles published by technology news organizations
it cannot relay data from other devices. Thissuch as EDN See also 6loWPAN Comparison of
relationship allows the node to be asleep a significant802.15.4 radio modules Comparison of wireless data
amount of the time thereby giving long battery life. Astandards DASH7 EnOcean Internet 0 Insteon
ZED requires the least amount of memory, andNeuRFon ONE-NET Wibree Z-Wave ZigBee
therefore can be less expensive to manufacture thanspecification References ^ "Our Mission". zigbee.org.
a ZR or ZC. Protocols The protocols build on recentRetrieved 2009-07-11.  ^ ZigBee: Wireless Technology
algorithmic research (Ad-hoc On-demand Distancefor Low-Power Sensor Networks ^ "ZigBee
Vector, neuRFon) to automatically construct aSpecification Download Request". zigbee.org.
low-speed ad-hoc network of nodes. In most largeRetrieved 2009-04-15.  ^ "Zigbee, Linux, and the GPL".
network instances, the network will be a cluster offreaklabs.org. Retrieved 2009-06-14.  ^ ^ "What's so
clusters. It can also form a mesh or a single cluster.good about ZigBee networks?". Daintree Networks.
The current profiles derived from the ZigBee protocolsRetrieved 2007-01-19.  ^ "Introducing ZigBee RF4CE".
support beacon and non-beacon enabled networks. InDaintree Networks. Retrieved 2009-05-04.  ^ {{cite
non-beacon-enabled networks (those whose beaconweb|url= External links ZigBee Alliance homepage IEEE
order is 15), an unslotted CSMA/CA channel access802.15.4 web site ZigBee Suppliers ZigBee Review
mechanism is used. In this type of network, ZigBeeand comparison to other home automation
Routers typically have their receivers continuouslytechnologies ZigBee Resources including whitepapers
active, requiring a more robust power supply. However,and specification updates FreakZ open source ZigBee
this allows for heterogeneous networks in which someproject, Project homepage, and ZigBee/802.15.4 chip
devices receive continuously, while others only transmitcomparison Java XBee API (under GPLv3) zPoint
when an external stimulus is detected. The typicalProducts offers a suite of ZigBee devices XBee
example of a heterogeneous network is a wirelessLibrary for the .NET Micro Framework Toolkit .NET
light switch: The ZigBee node at the lamp may receiveAPI Library for XBee 2.